Sickle cell disease in the Zanzibar Archipelago, the Republic of Tanzania.

BACKGROUND: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is one of the most severe haemoglobinopathies, a group of blood disorders, typically inherited. The condition affects over 7.7 million people globally and results in more than 370,000 deaths per year. The highest morbidity and mortality rates are seen in Africa and most children with SCD are born in Tanzania. The available literature on SCD morbidity in Tanzania focus primarily on the residents of the mainland, while there is little data available on SCD morbidity among residents of the Tanzanian islands in the Indian Ocean. The aim of the present study was to confirm the presence of sickle cell disease among residents of the Zanzibar Archipelago. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group consisted of 27 people, residents of Pemba Island in the Zanzibar Archipelago, aged between 2 months and 26 years old, whose at least one parent has been diagnosed with sickle cell anaemia. Blood samples collected from the study participants were tested using HemoTypeSCTM, a rapid, point-of-care diagnostic test. The tests were performed at the Amal Hospital (Chake Chake town, Pemba Island) in June 2023. RESULTS: Sickle cell disease was diagnosed in 11 study subjects (40.7%); their haemoglobin concentration ranged between 6.6 and 8.5 g/dL. The presence of the sickle cell trait (HbAS phenotype) was confirmed in 14 patients (51.9%). Only two of the tested patients had normal haemoglobin phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study support the necessity to introduce large-scale population- -based screening for SCD in the Zanzibar Archipelago, especially in infants whose family members have sickle cell anaemia. The introduction of such a programme will help monitor the number of new SCD cases in the region and may potentially reduce infant mortality due to SCD as well as minimize complications from SCD in older children through the adoption of effective disease prevention measures.

Characteristics of Polish travellers admitted at the University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Poland, 2023.

BACKGROUND: After COVID-19 restrictions were lifted, people started to travel again. Each year, thousands of Poles travel internationally, and many travel to tropical or subtropical destinations in Asia, Africa or South America. The aim of this article was to describe the characteristics of Polish travellers based on the information from a retrospective 12-month review of the medical records of Polish patients seeking pre-travel advice at the largest diagnostic and treatment travel medicine centre in Poland in 2023. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The retrospective study was based on the analysis of medical records of 2,147 patients seeking pre-travel advice at the University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Poland, between January and December 2023. The study focused on the analysis of the following patients' variables: age, sex, travel details (purpose of travel, length of travel, departure month, continents and countries to be visited). It also aimed to evaluate the range of prevention measures which were either recommended or administered to patients seeking pre-travel advice at the clinic (preventive vaccinations, chemoprophylaxis). In addition, it assessed the health status of the patients presenting at the travel medicine clinic; retrospective health assessments were based on the information from the interviews with the patients. RESULTS: Patients who sought pre-travel advice were mostly aged 36-65 years (49.5%), they were travelling for tourism purposes (78.3%), for a maximum period of 4 weeks (79.0%), mostly in November (15.2%) or in January (14.9%). Most travellers planned to visit Asia (55.5%) or Africa (29.0%); mainly Thailand (21.5%), Vietnam (8.5%), Kenya (8.3%) or India (8.2%). The most frequently administered immunoprophylaxis included vaccinations against typhoid fever and hepatitis A. Other commonly recommended/prescribed prevention measures included: insect repellents (69.3%), sunscreen (58.3%), antimalarials (35.8%), antithrombotic drugs (32.6%), and antidiarrheal drugs (25.6%). The analysis of patient interviews demonstrated that 61.8% of the travellers consulted at the clinic had no pre-existing medical conditions, while 38.2% required the use of chronic medications, mainly for allergies (14.3%), thyroid disorders (13.6%), cardiovascular diseases (9.3%), or psychiatric disorders (5.5%). CONCLUSIONS: A large number of Polish travellers visit destinations where the risk of infectious and non-infectious diseases is high. Providing patients with professional advice during a pre-travel consultation will help protect against travel-associated health problems.

Blastocystis spp. and Other Intestinal Parasites in Polish Soldiers Deployed to Lebanon and Iraq.

Intestinal parasitic infections are one of the most common infectious diseases worldwide, particularly in developing countries. A distinct group at increased risk of infection is military personnel deployed overseas for extended periods, typically six months at a time. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of Blastocystis spp. and other intestinal parasites in Polish military personnel returning from deployments to Lebanon (n = 206) and Iraq (n = 220). In this group of subjects, we found Blastocystis spp. (13.6%), Dientamoeba fragilis (3.3%), Entamoeba coli (0.9%), and Endolimax nana (0.5%). Entamoeba histolytica sensu lato and Chilomastix mesnili infections were detected only in one soldier returning from Lebanon and Iraq, respectively. Blastocystis subtype (ST) 3 was predominant in soldiers returning from Lebanon, followed by ST2 and ST1. ST1 infection was predominant in soldiers returning from Iraq, followed by ST3 and ST2. Our study affirms that, deployment abroad is of no influence of the prevalence of parasitic protozoa. However, it would be worth to monitor parasite infection in military personnel returning from tropical zone even if they have no actual symptoms. In addition, it is very important to determine the subtypes of Blastocystis-this may help to clearly define their pathogenicity, especially considering the scarcity of studies on Blastocystis genotypes in Iraqi and Lebanese residents.

Intestinal parasite infections among internal war refugees and inhabitants of the Ternopil region, Western Ukraine.

BACKGROUND: The armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine resulted in the destruction of the country's infrastructure and a decline in the standard of living for many citizens (e.g. shortages of electricity and safe drinking water, limited access to healthcare, living in unsuitable cold basements). A lot of Ukrainians living in the eastern, southern and central parts of the country were forced to flee their homes. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of intestinal parasite infections among internal war refugees and residents of Ternopil, a city in Western Ukraine, in response to the worsening of the epidemiological situation in the country. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Parasitological diagnostics was carried out in June 2023 and involved 127 adult Ukrainian citizens aged 19-80 years old, including 80 internal war refugees (most of the participants came from Donetsk, Luhansk, Dnipro, Kherson regions) and 47 residents of Ternopil region, Western Ukraine. Surveys and parasitological examination of stool samples by three different light microscopy testing methods (direct smear, decantation, flotation) were performed. The samples were then tested for the presence of Giardia intestinalis intestinal protozoa by molecular tests (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) and immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). RESULTS: All RT-PCR and RDT tests to detect Giardia intestinalis were found to be negative. The examination of faecal samples taken from 127 patients showed no infections with nematodes, cestodes or trematodes. The examinations only revealed infections with potentially pathogenic Blastocystis spp.: 18/80 infections in the population of internal war refugees (22.5%) and 7/47 infections among residents of the Ternopil region (14.9%). Survey results demonstrated frequent use of antibiotics and antiparasitic drugs without physician advise or prescription: 43.9% of the study participants (n = 127) were taking antibiotics, and 25.2% were taking antiparasitic drugs during the period of 3 months prior to the study. CONCLUSIONS: An absence of intestinal parasite pathogens was detected in the studied population. The authors may explain it by the fact, that many Ukrainian patients have unlimited access to antimicrobial drugs (drugs sold without a valid prescription and taken without consultation with a physician), which could have contributed to the low incidence of intestinal parasite infections.

Characteristics of Polish travellers: six-month experience from the University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Poland.

BACKGROUND: The number of international travels has grown substantially over the last decade, both globally and in Poland. Thousands of Poles travel to tropical or subtropical countries in Asia, Africa or South America each year. The aim of this paper was to discuss the characteristics of Polish travellers seeking pre-travel consultation at the largest diagnostic and treatment travel medicine clinic in Poland. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study was based on the analysis of medical records of 1291 patients seeking pre-travel advice at the University Centre of Maritime and Tropical Medicine in Gdynia, Poland, between 1 July and 31 December 2022. The study comprised the analysis of the following patient variables: age, sex, travel details (purpose and length of travel, continents and countries to be visited, activities planned). The study also aimed to evaluate the range of prevention measures which were recommended/ administered (preventive vaccinations, chemoprophylaxis). In addition, it assessed the health status of the patients presenting at the travel medicine clinic. RESULTS: Patients who sought pre-travel advice were mostly people aged 18-35 years old (50.1%), travelling for tourism (72.2%), for a maximum period of 4 weeks (85.0%), travelling in December (24.3%) or in November (22.2%). Most of the Polish travellers consulted at the clinic travelled to Asia (56.2%), mainly to Thailand (27.3%), Vietnam (10.8%) or India (8.7%). Most travellers were planning a beach holiday (56.4%). As regards extreme activities, scuba diving was the most popular among the patients involved in the study (22.5%). The most frequently administered immunoprophylaxis were vaccines against typhoid fever (76.3%) and hepatitis A (56.2%). Other commonly recommended/prescribed prevention measures included: probiotics (75.9%), repellents (73.6%), antimalarial drugs (60.9%), and antidiarrheal antibiotics (51.9%). The analysis of patient interviews demonstrated that 42.4% of Polish travellers consulted at the clinic complained of no medical problems while 36.0% were taking chronic medications, mainly for allergies (17.1%) or thyroid disorders (12.2%). CONCLUSIONS: A growing number of people from Poland travel to destinations where the risk of infectious disease exposure or transmission is high. Providing a patient with appropriate advice during a pre-travel consultation will help protect the traveller against travel-associated risks at their intended destinations.

Intestinal parasitic infections in officers of the Border Guard in East Poland.

BACKGROUND: Poland has experienced increased economic migration since 2021. Large waves of migrants, mostly from Asian and African countries, are trying to get into the European Union by crossing Poland's eastern border illegally. The influx of illegal migrants into Poland is the result of a policy adopted by the Belarusian and Russian regimes that are trying to provoke another migrant crisis in Europe. In the opinion of some Polish politicians illegal migration contributes to the spread of parasitic diseases in our country as many migrants arriving into Poland carry intestinal parasites. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of infections with intestinal parasites in the Polish Border Guard officers safeguarding Poland's eastern borders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Parasitological diagnostics was carried out between April and May 2023. The study involved 218 Polish Border Guard officers from the Podlaski Border Guard Unit (PBGU) and 209 officers from the Bug Border Guard Unit (BBGU), whose task is to patrol and safeguard Poland's border with Ukraine and Belarus. Faecal examinations were performed using three different light microscopy testing methods (direct smear, decantation, flotation) at the Department of Epidemiology and Tropical Medicine at the Military Institute of Medicine - National Research Institute, Warsaw, Poland. RESULTS: Considered to be potentially pathogenic intestinal parasites were diagnosed in 20 out of 218 officers serving in the PBGU (8.7% infected with Blastocystis spp., 0.5% with Dientamoeba fragilis) and in 9 out of 209 officers serving in the BBGU (3.8% infected with Blastocystis spp., 0.5% with Dientamoeba fragilis). There were no infections with nematodes, cestodes or trematodes in the study participants. No correlation was found between a parasitic infection and the presence of diarrhoea or other gastrointestinal symptoms within 6 months prior to the study in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Although Polish Border Guard officers deployed to the eastern border are exposed to difficult environmental conditions and have frequent contacts (either directly or indirectly) with migrants arriving from countries which report high incidence of parasitic infections, the rates of infections with potentially pathogenic protozoa in officers from the PBGU and BBGU are low and mainly attributable to pathogens which are widespread in the general Polish population. Low rates of parasitic infections in officers serving in the border zone suggest that the epidemiological situation of parasitic diseases in East Poland is satisfactory and that the disease prevention strategies (including the use of personal protection gear) implemented by the Polish medical services are effective.

The risk of an epidemic outbreak in southern Ukraine.

The humanitarian crisis that followed the military aggression against Ukraine is getting worse. The war which has continued since February 2022 has already caused irreparable health damage in the local community, which is affected by such acts of Russian terror as the destruction of the Kakhovka dam on the Dnieper River. As a result of the explosion and destruction of the dam, which occurred on 6 June 2023, over 2,500 square kilometres of land were flooded and around 17,000 residents had to be evacuated.

Detection and Molecular Characterization of Blastocystis Species in Polish Soldiers Stationed in the Republic of Kosovo.

Blastocystis species (sp.) is one of the less well-understood water- and foodborne protozoa of medical and veterinary importance linked to different gastrointestinal disorders. Soldiers participating in military missions are particularly vulnerable to infection with this protozoa. The present study used molecular methods to detect, identify, and subtype (ST) Blastocystis sp. in Polish soldiers stationed in the Republic of Kosovo. Fecal samples were collected from 192 soldiers on arrival and after four months of stay. After DNA extraction, the barcoding region of the small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU-rRNA) gene was amplified and sequenced. The DNA of Blastocystis sp. was detected in six (3.13%) and thirty (15.16%) samples in the first and second batch, respectively. Sequencing analysis revealed infections with ST 2, 3, 4, and 7. There was no statistical association between Blastocystis sp. infection and the parasite's ST or the age or rank of soldiers. The results indicate that the visit to a new environment and prolonged stay in the area of military operation in Kosovo resulted in a significant increase in both Blastocystis sp. infections and ST diversity among surveyed soldiers. This shows the need to undertake appropriate countermeasures to reduce Blastocystis infections in the military environment abroad.

Leprosy - neglected tropical disease in Pygmies inhabiting Central African Republic.

Leprosy is a neglected tropical disease that is still present worldwide despite efforts aimed at elimination of the disease. The BaAka Pygmy community inhabiting rural areas in the Central African Republic is one of the most leprosy-vulnerable populations. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of leprosy in the BaAka Pygmy population. People living in the Dzanga Sangha protected area were regularly visited by a mobile clinic in 2019/2020. The diagnosis was based on the clinical manifestation of the disease. Deformations of skin and extremities were assessed. In a 12-month period 26 cases of leprosy were diagnosed and 25 patients received treatment. 24 of those patients were BaAka Pygmies, 10 were women, 7 were children under 15 years old and 8 were diagnosed with grade 2 disability. Presented data shows that leprosy in Dzanga Sangha region is not well controlled due to the high transmission rate. Efforts to diagnose and report new leprosy cases should be intensified.

Yaws in Pygmy and Bantu children inhabiting the rural zones of Central Africa.

Introduction: Yaws, an infectious dermatosis is one of 17 neglected tropical diseases still present in the world despite the efforts aiming at the eradication of the disease undertaken in 2020. It is mainly found in populations living in poor hygiene conditions with a limited access to water and health care facilities. BaAka Pygmies and Bantu people inhabiting the rural areas of the Central African Republic (CAR) are still affected by yaws on a large scale. Aim: To assess the prevalence of yaws in Central Africa, treatment accessibility, and the need for implementing future health programs. Material and methods: Primary school BaAka Pygmy and Bantu children from the Dzanga Sangha region (CAR) were assessed in the context of yaws prevalence in years 2019-2020. The diagnosis was based on the clinical picture of the typical skin lesions and their location. Serologic tests were not performed. Results: Four hundred and ninety-four Pygmies and 235 Bantu children were examined, of whom 38.7% and 43.0%, respectively, presented primary yaws lesions. The mean age of Pygmy and Bantu children with lesions was 9.1 and 9.7 years old, respectively. In both ethnic groups boys predominated. The most common location of yaws lesions were lower legs, ankles, knees and feet. Conclusions: Yaws, like all other neglected tropical diseases, might become a cosmopolitan skin disease transferred from Africa to Europe and North America by tourists travelling to sub-Saharan destinations in Africa and migrants. The knowledge of tropical skin diseases and ability to make a differential diagnosis might become necessary for each dermatologist in the next 10-20 years.

Challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of malaria in Polish workers returning from Africa: a case series and review of literature.

Malaria is a parasitic disease caused in humans by five species of Plasmodium: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. malariae, P. ovale, and P. knowlesi and transmitted through a female mosquito bite. In 2020, there were 241 million cases of malaria worldwide including 627,000 deaths. Traveling to malaria endemic areas is a significant risk factor, therefore, it is very important to use non-specific and pharmacological prophylaxis. Malaria symptoms usually appear 10-14 days after infection and the disease may be suspected, based on patient examination and medical history, in patients with fever who have stayed in malaria endemic areas. The initial symptoms of the disease are not pathognomonic and it is important to remember that not all malaria patients develop a fever. A prerequisite for successful treatment of this potentially life-threatening disease is well-targeted, timely diagnosis and immediate implementation of antiparasitic therapy. Despite significant progress in the fight against malaria across the world, the disease still poses a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge, especially when it develops as a result of an imported infection and when diagnosis is complicated by the presence of other diseases. A professional group that requires special attention are maritime workers. In this study we present clinical cases of malaria which show how important it is in the clinical practice of various specialists to include malaria in the differential diagnosis of patients with fever returning from tropical regions.

Pneumococcal carriage in unvaccinated children at the time of vaccine implementation into the national immunization program in Poland.

We investigated pneumococcal carriage among unvaccinated children under five years of age at a time when the conjugate polysaccharide vaccine (PCV) was introduced in Poland into the national immunization program (NIP). Paired nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) and saliva samples collected between 2016 and 2020 from n = 394 children were tested with conventional culture and using qPCR. The carriage rate detected by culture was 25.4% (97 of 394), by qPCR 39.1% (155 of 394), and 40.1% (158 of 394) overall. The risk of carriage was significantly elevated among day care center attendees, and during autumn/winter months. Among isolates cultured, the most common serotypes were: 23A, 6B, 15BC, 10A, 11A. The coverage of PCV10 and PCV13 was 23.2% (23 of 99) and 26.3% (26 of 99), respectively. Application of qPCR lead to detection of 168 serotype carriage events, with serogroups 15, 6, 9 and serotype 23A most commonly detected. Although the highest number of carriers was identified by testing NPS with qPCR, saliva significantly contributed to the overall number of detected carriers. Co-carriage of multiple serotypes was detected in 25.3% (40 of 158) of carriers. The results of this study represent a baseline for the future surveillance of effects of pneumococcal vaccines in NIP in Poland.

Asymptomatic Malaria Infections in the Time of COVID-19 Pandemic: Experience from the Central African Republic.

According to the latest World Health Organization malaria report, 95% of 241 million global malaria cases and 96% of 627,000 malaria deaths that were recorded in 2020 occurred in Africa. Compared to 2019, 14 million more cases and 69,000 more malaria deaths were recorded, mainly because of disruptions to medical services during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of asymptomatic malaria cases in children and adults living in the Dzanga Sangha region in the Central African Republic (CAR) during the COVID-19 pandemic. Rapid immunochromatographic assays for the qualitative detection of Plasmodium species (P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale/P. malariae) circulating in whole blood samples were used. A screening was performed in the group of 515 patients, 162 seemingly healthy children (aged 1-15) and 353 adults, all inhabiting the villages in the Dzanga Sangha region (southwest CAR) between August and September 2021. As much as 51.2% of asymptomatic children and 12.2% of adults had a positive result in malaria rapid diagnostic tests (mRDTs). Our findings demonstrated a very high prevalence of asymptomatic malaria infections in the child population. Limited access to diagnostics, treatment and prevention of malaria during the global COVID-19 pandemic and less medical assistance from developed countries may be one of the factors contributing to the increase in the prevalence of disease in Africa.

Medical assessment of fitness to dive after COVID-19.

Since the global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection started, millions of people globally have become infected. It must not be forgotten that thousands of those affected are commercial or recreational divers. A severe COVID-19 seriously affects the respiratory system and the pulmonary parenchyma but it may also involve the cardiovascular and the blood coagulation system. For this reason, many divers and hyperbaric medicine specialists are becoming increasingly concerned about a diver's ability to safely return to diving after a SARS-CoV-2 infection. The article presents current guidelines for diving fitness health assessment after a COVID-19 both for active and prospective divers, with particular emphasis on the types of diagnostic procedures and tests to be performed in cases of asymptomatic infection with SARS-CoV-2 as well as in patients who have recovered from a symptomatic COVID-19.

Prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in symptomatic BaAka Pygmies inhabiting the rural Dzanga Sangha region of the Central African Republic.

INTRODUCTION: Malaria remains a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in many endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa. It is one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality, especially in children <5 years. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the majority of severe malaria cases in sub-Saharan Africa, but is not the exclusive one. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess the prevalence of Plasmodium spp. in BaAka Pygmies with clinical symptoms of malaria, and define the percentage distribution of infections caused by species other than P. falciparum in order to assess the need for diversification of malaria treatment protocols. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted during the dry and rainy seasons in 2018 and involved a group of 540 symptomatic BaAka Pygmies, patients of both genders, aged 1-75-years-old. Two diagnostic methods for detecting Plasmodium in the bloodstream were used: RDTs targeting HRP2-protein specific for P. falciparum, and PCR assays aimed at detecting P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae species. RESULTS: Only 40.5% of symptomatic patients tested with RDTs for P. falciparum infections were positive. Molecular tests (PCR) confirmed P. falciparum in 94.8% of the samples and also revealed the genetic material of P. malariae (11.1%), P. ovale (9.8%), and P. vivax (0.7%). BaAka Pygmies aged <5 years of age dominated in patients with positive results; the common clinical symptoms reported by the sick individuals were fever, shivers and fatigue. CONCLUSIONS: The study suggests the need for introducing accurate diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of malaria and the revision of malaria treatment protocols. Assessment of the Pfhrp2/Pfhrp3 deletions is necessary for evaluating malaria epidemiology in Central Africa.

Medical assessment of fitness to dive. Part II.

Good physical and mental health is a prerequisite for anyone planning to scuba dive. A certificate of fitness to dive for those willing to enter a scuba diving course as well as for active divers, either amateur or occupational, can only be issued if there are no medical contraindications to dive. It is usually within the competence of a diving instructor, a manager of underwater work or a physician to assess a person's mental and physical health and grant them permission to stay under hyperbaric conditions. The legal requirements for issuing a certificate of fitness to dive are different for recreational and occupational divers. The part II of this article discusses the issues concerning medical assessment of fitness to dive for professionals, and divers in uniformed services. It also discusses contraindications to scuba diving and guidelines for medical assessment of fitness to dive in divers with a history of a diving-related condition.

Medical assessment of fitness to dive. Part I.

Good physical and mental health is a prerequisite for anyone planning to scuba dive. A fitness to dive certificate for those willing to enter a scuba diving course as well as for active divers, either amateur or occupational, can only be issued if there are no medical contraindications to dive. It is usually within the competence of a diving instructor, a manager of underwater work or a physician to assess a person's mental and physical health and grant them permission to stay under hyperbaric conditions. The legal requirements for issuing a fitness to dive certificate are different for recreational and occupational divers. The part I of this article discusses the issues concerning medical assessment of fitness to dive for amateurs.

Intestinal parasitic infections in a population of BaAka Pygmies inhabiting the Congo Basin in the Central African Republic.

INTRODUCTION: Pygmy tribes inhabit tropical environment of Central Africa. After expulsion from their original habitat by the Bantu people, they settled in a local forest ecosystem where they live with very low sanitary standards. Their actual morbidity remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to analyze the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in BaAka Pygmies inhabiting the Congo Basin in the Central African Republic. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted in 2015, and involved a group of 950 Pygmies living inthe Sangha-Mbaere and Lobaye prefectures. Single stool samples were collected from study participants, fixed in 10% formalin, transported from Africa to Europe, and analyzed by light microscopy using 5 different diagnostic methods (direct smear, decantation with distilled water, Fülleborne's flotation, Kato-Miura thick smear, DiaSyS/PARASYS system sedimentation) at the Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw, Poland. RESULTS: Microscopic examination revealed infections with 14 different species of intestinal nematodes, cestodes, trematodes and protozoa. According to the study findings, 90.5% of BaAka Pygmies were found to be infected with intestinal parasites, and 70.8% had mixed infections. Most of the pathogenic intestinal parasites were nematodes (85.0%), with Asrcaris lumbricoides (29.8%), hookworm (29.4%) and Trichuris trichiura (10.7%) being predominant. CONCLUSIONS: Poor sanitation, limited the high prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in the community of Pygmies. The negative test results may prove the effectiveness of periodic deworming campaigns chich, implemented by non-governmental organizations, are voluntary with respect to the informed consent principle.